Nuclear Power Plants

Sierra Armstrong Vassar High School 5th , English 10 March 21, 2013 Nuclear Power Plants Begin your introduction here†¦ (Don’t forget to underline your thesis statement). Be sure to use the TAB key to start each paragraph and to follow all MLA formats. Background of the Problem People need power, and nuclear power provides it. Nuclear power is another way to produce energy, but it is also a very dangerous way to produce energy.Edward Teller stated, â€Å"Nuclear power-producing units will be dangerous instruments and careful thought will have to be given to their safe construction and operation† (qtd in Kanninen Ed 17). Another scientist Dr. Helen Caldicott stated, â€Å"The nuclear industry is a cancer industry† (qtd in Povey 80). This means that it isn’t a safe way to produce energy and can cause cancer. The radiation is very dangerous. The radiation is a big fault or issue with nuclear energy. â€Å"Atomic energy cannot be produced without also pr oducing a radioactive by-product† (Kanninen 16).Nuclear power is not safe to those who live or associate around it. â€Å"Critics of nuclear power worry about the safety of nuclear plants, the potential damage from radiation exposure, the possibility of sabotage and unauthorized use of the by-product plutonium—the substance used to make nuclear bombs† (â€Å"Nuclear Power†). There have been a couple incidents concerning nuclear power plants, such as Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island. â€Å"The Chernobyl explosion was devastating to the nuclear power industry throughout the world† (â€Å"Nuclear Power†). The primarily cause was human error: technicians conducted an unauthorized experiment on the reactor without understanding how the reactor would behave during the experiment† (â€Å"Nuclear Energy†). The Extent of the Problem The problem at hand is that nuclear power plants Works Cited Type your bibliography on the last page†¦ Be sure to ALPHABETIZE your sources and to indent after the first line of text for each entry. Povey, Karen. Energy Alternatives. Farmington Hills, MI: The Thomas Corporation, 2007. Print. â€Å"Nuclear Energy. † Compton’s by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011: SIRS Discoverer. Web. 25 Feb. 2013 .

19th Century Theories in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment Essay

19th Century Theories in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment â€Å"I teach you the Superman. Man is something that has to be surpassed. What have you done to surpass him? † These words said by Friedrich Nietzsche encompass the theories present in Dostoevsky’s nineteenth century novel, Crime and Punishment. Fyodor Dostoevsky, living a life of suffering himself, created the character of Raskolnikov with the preconceptions of his own sorrowful and struggling life. Throughout his exile in Siberia from 1849-1859, his sentiments of suffering, sorrow, and the common man surfaced and heightened, inspiring him to begin writing Crime and Punishment in 1859. The main motif in this novel is that of suffering. It is apparent that all characters, major and minor, experience some sort of internal or external affliction. The overall theme of the work is that all mortal men suffer, and that salvation can not be obtained unless this anguish is present. Dostoevsky’s protagonist, Raskolnikov, must evolve and realize this fact to overcome his conflicts and reach the salvation of peace and tranquillity. Volumes and volumes of critique can be written on where this suffering originated, but Dostoevsky’s main concentration and focus is not where, but why suffering must exist and how this suffering can be overcome. See more:  First Poem for You Essay This is seen from the fact that throughout the six sections of the novel, only one section is focused on the origin of the torment – the Crime, and the remaining five sections are concentrated on Raskolnikov’s path to overcoming this anguish – the Punishment. By focusing solely on the punishment, the internal and external conflicts that arise within the novel do not only provide Raskolnikov’s own philosophy of the path toward salvation, but encompasses that of the German philosopher Nietzsche, as well as his contemporaries. Raskolnikov’s justifications for his actions are relayed in his own Extraordinary Man Theory, which states that there are two classifications of men in the world: ordinary, and extraordinary. He wanted prove that he was extraordinary, that he could commit a crime as horrid as murder, but because he did it for the betterment of society, he would feel no sympathy or regret for his justified actions. In following Raskolnikov’s theory, it becomes apparent from where his conceptions originate. Though the whole work encompasses the philosophies of all the nineteenth century theorists, Raskolnikov’s ideas spawn from that of Friedrich Nietzsche and Georg Wilhelm Hegel. Since it has already been established that the entire novel contains theories of its era, to begin an analysis in regard to the novel’s main ideas evolving from the concepts of merely Nietzsche or Hegel would, in a way, belittle the importance of the remaining non-Hegelian nineteenth century philosophers. By analyzing the ideologies of the major theorists from Father to Fruitcake (Kierkegaard to Freud) with respect to Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky’s intentions, motifs, and ideas can be interpreted with ease. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) believed that truth is both power and suffering. He is often noted as the Father of Existentialism, an innovated modern belief that life has no meaning, and that we must live life just for the sake of living, and nothing else. To know the truth about life and the individuals living it would be a form of powerful knowledge incomprehensible to man. The truth is – Life is suffering. Kierkegaard believed that man was blessed with the greatest gift of all – free will, but this free will creates decisions, and decisions generate emotions. Emotions are the key to the suffering of man. Happiness creates a fear in losing prosperity, fear leads to anger toward life’s unjust ways, anger leads to hatred of life in general, and hatred leads to the suffering of the individual mind. This is the path of the common man, the man who â€Å"thinks† that life can be blissful. The existential man â€Å"believes† that life has no meaning, no substance, and no path for happiness. He is the man who knows and accepts that all things, good and evil, exist, including suffering. This is why the existential man is indifferent toward the benefits and consequences of life. Raskolnikov believes that The Extraordinary Man feels no suffering and no pain. He is the man who can break the laws, transgress the laws, and make the laws. Raskolnikov believed that if he were extraordinary, he could commit any crime, even the crime of murder, and walk away from it indifferent, apathetic, and without emotion. What he did not realize was the main point of Kierkegaard’s philosophy, that no matter what – man suffers. Raskolnikov thought that he could avoid the truth and avoid suffering. It is not until he confesses to both Porfiry and Sonia, which coincidentally is the same instant that his own pain begins to vanquish, that he fully understands and believes in the suffering of man. Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831), another prominent philosopher of the nineteenth century, hypothesized a dialectic method for the analysis and comprehension of history. He believed that all events in time move in a teleological fashion contrary to the popular belief of a circular path. Hegel stated that history, rather than repeating itself, learns and moves forward toward a purpose. In his theory this purpose is the freedom of all men in a rational state, and moving toward such a beneficial purpose justifies all good and evil events in history. The dialectic method also consisted of a diagram regarding this teleological path. Hegel believed that history is made up of a series of events all corresponding to a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The thesis and antithesis serve as the conflict in history, while the synthesis becomes the result. In Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is the thesis, the symbol of good intentions, while Svidrigailov is the antithesis, the epitome and reality of evil and suffering. With the battle of good and evil comes salvation, or the synthesis, in this case – Sonia, the representation and key to Raskolnikov’s salvation. This method can also be viewed in the perspective of Dostoevsky’s primary concentrations. With that respect the crime can be viewed as the symbol of good intentions. Raskolnikov killed Alyona because she represented the evil in society. Because her death would be a blessing and benefit to the world he believed his crime would be justified. The punishment can be viewed as the reality of suffering. It is not until after he commits the crime that Raskolnikov realizes that all men in fact do suffer. The key is to overcome this suffering instead of avoiding it. The salvation can be viewed as the redemption and end to suffering – the result of the crime and of the punishment. This analysis also maps Hegel’s teleological perspective because the novel moves in a linear fashion. The Crime (thesis) encompasses Part I of the novel, the Punishment (antithesis) is demonstrated in Parts II-VI, and the salvation (synthesis) is introduced in the epilogue. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- 1900) did not believe in the suffering of all men. He believed that there existed a superman, a powerful individual that lived for self-gratification and nothing else. The Nietzschean superman asserts his own power to situations while he watches the common and ordinary man suffer because of life’s imperfections. This man needs no justification in his actions, because as long as he has satisfied himself, then his dominance over others requires no reason. Nietzsche also believed that in order to become a superman, an individual must surpass the common man. He must have no qualms or regrets in his actions, and above all, he must not fear his actions or consequences. â€Å"Fear is the mother of morality,† it is an emotion only known to ordinary men. A superman has no fear. Perhaps the character of Svidrigailov emits the best example of a Nietzschean superman in the novel. He is the epitome of evil and lives only for self-gratification. His downfall to his superman visage is suicide. Death is the escape to suffering. Svidrigailov feared its company, and in turn, took his own life to avoid it. Raskolnikov on the other hand, did not avoid suffering – he conquered it. Though before his crime he did ask the Hegelian question of â€Å"Will this crime serve a noble purpose,† he also asks the Nietzschean question of â€Å"Do I dare commit this murder and therefore prove myself to be a man by proving that my will is strong? † It is after this that he commits the crime and begins to endure this suffering. Unlike his rival, Svidrigailov, Raskolnikov overcomes his pain through salvation with the help of Sonia, ends his isolation, and returns to the humanity of society. Karl Marx (1818-1883) believed that society was the root of suffering. His common man, the proletarian, struggled because of the capitalistic bourgeoisie. He believed that â€Å"the proletariat goes through various stages of development. † The first stage is the struggle against the bourgeois, which later turns to suffering. Through the growth of the masses, the final stages of the common man of strength and victory evolve. The goal and path of the Marxist man is to emerge from being a mere commodity of society into being a creative and active member of it. The strength that allows him to do this is the realization that he is suffering because he lives for others, and his victory is obtained by overcoming this anguish through the bond of the proletariat. Though Raskolnikov does not face the same pain of worthlessness as the proletariat, he develops in the same fashion. He struggles against his inner emotions of reason and morality, and suffers because of it. Though Sonia and Porfiry contribute to his salvation, it is Raskolnikov himself that overcomes his emotions. He does not need the bond of the masses to aid him in his survival and path toward salvation; he only needs the bond of his inner rational and emotion states. This is why Raskolnikov survives. In 1859 the theorist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published a controversial book of survival entitled The Origin of Species. In this work Darwin established that an organism’s evolution or devolution in life is representative of their ability to conform, adjust, and survive within the harshness of its environment. This theory of â€Å"survival of the fittest,† later became the coined theme of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism believes that man survives and prospers in nature because he is the organism that is fit enough to do so. In a battle between man verses nature, and even man versus society, only the strong shall survive, while the weak will parish. Faith and belief no longer have any bearing on the members of tomorrow’s society, only strength.   his theory is presented many times in Crime and Punishment. Alyona and Lizaveta both perish because they are not capable of defeating Raskolnikov. Alyona also did not survive because Raskolnikov’s beliefs were stronger than her will and intentions. Svidrigailov cannot conquer the constraints society has placed upon him, and in turn, he commits suicide. The only exception to this theory is Raskolnikov. His inner strength of intelligence may be strong, but his physical and emotional abilities do not coincide with Darwin’s notion of fit. Raskolnikov’s survival is from his redemption. He reaches salvation because he chooses to, and therefore he survives because he chooses to. He does this through his own realization and rationalization. The psychologist and theorist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that an individual’s decisions are not always determined by the rational state of mind. He believed that all humans possess three distinct decision making chambers of human behavior. He refers to the first of these as the id. The id is the childhood and instinctual need of the individual. This is the sector that satisfies an individual’s wants and desires, accomplishing them at no fear of risk. The second portion of human behavior is referred to as the ego. The ego is the rationalist, the sector that makes decisions that benefit the individual and society. Freud believed that the majority of all individuals make decisions based on their ego. The final and third division of an individual’s behavior is called the superego. The superego is the ideal individual. This individual makes decisions that should be made; he does things the way they should be done in his opinion, and no matter what the results may be, has no reason for regret. Though most of the characters in the novel make decisions based upon their ego, it is evident and apparent that Raskolnikov does not. He knows what he believes to be right and wrong, and tries to right the wrongs in society with his superego. Though he is the only one to use his superego, all of the other Freudian sections of human decisions exist in the work. Throughout the novel, Svidrigailov uses his id. His encounters with women, prosperity, and fortune are not prolific because he deserves them, but because he wants them. It is his id that leads him to his desire for an end to suffering, and his death near the end of the novel. Sonia and Dounia both rationalize their actions through their ego. Though Sonia does not and should not be a prostitute, she knows that it is the only way for her family to survive. Dounia is in a similar predicament. She did not wish to marry Luzhin, but his wealth and proposal to help Raskolnikov rationalized her to stay. Later, her ego permits her to marry Razumihin for his compassion, admiration, and companionship. This use of the id, ego, and superego supply a Freudian element to Dostoevsky’s work. With all of these theories analyzed, computed, and settled, we can end this critique where we began: â€Å"I teach you the Superman. Man is something that has to be surpassed. What have you done to surpass him? † Is Raskolnikov a Superman? Well, he follows Kierkegaard’s existential statement of â€Å"I believe, therefore I am,† which means that he surpasses the common man who merely â€Å"thinks. † Through the ideas of Hegel, his teleological movements from crime to punishment all serve a justified purpose in benefiting his moral and rational states. He overcomes the common man through the salvation he obtains from this linear evolution of trials. He suffers not from Marxist classes, but from internal struggle, excluding him as a member of the proletariat, or common man. Though not physically or emotionally fit to survive, his confession becomes his salvation, his survival, and his disclaimer in the Darwin theory of surviving. The common man may survive because he is fit to survive, but Raskolnikov survives because he chooses to survive. Unlike Freud’s theory that the everyday man lives his life through his ego, Raskolnikov makes his decisions based on his superego, doing things not just because it would be rational, but because that it the way it should be done. So then, â€Å"Is Raskolnikov a Superman? † Yes.

Application 1 & 2

Application 1 – Evaluation of Two New Assessment Methods for Selecting Telephone Customer Service Representatives 1. The reliability for both the clerical and the work samples are favorable. We see in the Clerical Test that the co-efficient alpha (at . 85 and . 86) and the test-retest (. 92) are both high so we have an acceptable degree of reliability for the test. For the Work Sample (T) & Work Sample (C) we find the inter-rater agreements to be high at with Work Sample (T) being T1=88% and T2=79% and Work Sample (C) T1=80% and T2=82%, both above the 75% normal requirement for a reliable measure.Since all three show a decent level of reliability, it would be safe for Phonemin to use them in selecting new job applicants. 2. The correlations between the tests show a low correlation between the Clerical Test and both of the Work Samples; however, there is a high correlation between the two Work Samples. The Work Samples produce very similar outcomes, with error rate and speed be ing non-significant and complaints significant.With the Work Samples producing similar results, those who were tactful also show concern for the customer, Phonemin should just choose one of the Work Samples along with the Clerical test to select the best applicants for new job applicants due to the similar results. 3. Current CSRs were chosen to participate in the study, since they are already in the job their effort on the test could be different than a new applicant and they most likely have gained some additional knowledge, especially when handling complaints, having been on the job for a period of time.Also, are the measures real indicators of performance? It was mentioned that the KSAOs chosen were â€Å"likely to be necessary for successful performance as a CSR† and they â€Å"their seemingly high impact on job performance† if they are not true indicator, then the test fails to predict the performance that Phonemin is looking for. Application 2 – Conductin g Empirical Validation 1. Is the PS score a valid predictor of performance as a store manager? Yes. A correlation (R-Value) of . 407 exceeds the statistical significance threshold of . 7 and indicates a moderately high correlation between the PS scores and performance as a store manager. The following scatter diagram illustrates this correlation visually. While there are 2 outliers, their presence is not significant enough to disprove the correlation and the use of the PS score as a valid predictor. 2. With a cut score of 7 on PS, would its use lead to adverse impact against women? Yes. A cut score of 7 leads to a selection rate in females of 53. 33% versus 56. 67% in the entire sample. Against minorities?No adverse impact to minorities. Selection rate of minorities is actually higher than non-minorities when a cut score of 7 is used. If there is adverse impact, does the validity evidence justify use of the PS anyway? Because the sample size is relatively small, the adverse impact t o women seems insignificant and not enough to justify discontinuation of using the PS scores as predictors of future performance. 3. There are several limitations of this study. The first one would be related to the correlation (R-value).The correlation does not equate to a percentage. The R-Value calculated above of . 407 does not equate to 40. 7% but rather it equates to 16. 56% (. 4072 X 100) common variation of the scores. A second limitation of the R-Value is that it is affected by the amount of variation in each set of scores. The less variation there is in one or both sets of scores then the smaller the calculated R-Value will be. When there is a lack of variation in scores this leads to what is known as the problem of restriction of range.A third problem that may arise is that the formula used to calculate correlation assumes a linear relationship between the two sets of scores; however, this assumption may not always be true. A relationship may exist other than a straight l ine that may capture the nature of the scores better. It is also important to remember that just because there is a correlation between two scores does not mean that there is a causation between them. The R-Value does give you an indication; owever, of the strength of the relationship between the PS score and the performance rating and the direction of the relationship. 4. It is recommend that Yellow Blaze use the PS score in making future promotion decisions. It does seem to be a valid predictor of performance based on the correlation (R-Value) and the scatter diagram. Also, based on the calculations performed using the PS score for making future promotion decisions would not lead to adverse impact on a widespread basis.

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Code of Ethics - Essay Example No one person can run this organization; therefore, it is imperative that we hire associates who are friendly, knowledgeable, and understand exactly what their respective roles in the company are. We hold our associates to the highest ethical standards. We expect our employees to behave in such a way, on campus and off, that no shame or degradation will be cast upon Whitehouse Cherry. Business ethics, to us, is defined as behavior that would directly result in the loss of customers, or invite lawsuits. For example, good business ethics dictate that all Whitehouse Cherry associates keep all customer information confidential. This information includes their names, and all identifying information like addresses, social security numbers, and phone numbers. Our customers are assured that their information will neither appear on a listserv, nor will it be sold to solicitation companies or surveyors. As well, credit card information should only be entered into our database at the time customers are making purchases, whether in person, or via Web. Associates may not write down credit card numbers, expiration dates, or security code information wholly, or in part. If an associate experiences any difficulty entering credit card information into the database, please see a senior associate to complete the transaction. This rule applies to all forms of payment received by Whi tehouse Cherry, including checks and Pay Pal accounts. Failure to adhere to any part of this rule will result in immediate dismissal of the associate, as per our agreement, written or implied, with the customer. Whitehouse Cherry associates must never discuss customers, except with pertinent personnel, and for business and problem resolution reasons only. Even then, non-pertinent personnel, and customers, must not be within hearing range of the associates in discussion. Associates who overhear non-pertinent conversations must a) keep the

International Perspectives in Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Perspectives in Childhood - Essay Example Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom provide a diverse range of social, economic and political contexts. Including this, they have various policies directed towards the education and care of young children. In this paper, an evaluation between the pre-schooling practices in Sweden, Italy and United Kingdom, exploring the social, political and economic factors influencing pre-schooling in these countries and to critical analysis of the role of children’s right in pre-schools these countries is discussed. Sweden, Italy and U.K are rank in the most top 21 developing countries in the world in childcare well-being Sweden 5.0, Italy 10.0 and U.K 18.2. The UNICEF report card 7 (The United Nations Children’s Fund, 2007). It is discussed in the paper that Sweden offers a maximum fee policy, which lets parents to spend between 1% and 3 % of their family’s income on the childcare. It depends on the number of children they have. Whereas the government of the United Kingdom o ffers 12.5 hours of free early learning in a week, which is applicable to all form of childcare for at least 28 weeks of the year (Guardian, 2008). The paper also discusses the structure of the classes and the approach of teaching adopted by the three countries. The discussion ends on the conclusion where it decides the Swedish nurseries to have the best approach and providing more freedom for the children to play and explore new things. This way, without forcing children, they become geared up to learn new things at appropriate time (Bennett, 2001). Political factor surrounding these countries In Sweden the maximum rate is LIMITED to ?102 a month which is ?1224 a year, families pay less for a second child and a third is around 0.025% or 1% of the family income (Sundelin, 2008). This is because In Sweden, preschools can either run privately or publically. Municipal government of Sweden is responsible for providing preschool, after three to four years. The government made sure that t he places are provided at a reasonable price, including meals. For Swedish children, the maximum cost for the preschool is SEK 1,260 per month for every child. (Sweden.Se, 2011). In the U.K the average yearly preschool parents spend for 25 hours per week stands at ?5,028 per child (Daycare Trust, 2011). The childcare provided in UK is expensive and most of the times parents cannot afford it. Same is the case with Italy, where the daycare centers are not only expensive and limited but offer less number of hours per day, which makes the parents’ job a difficult task. Thus, when the statistics are compared, it is seen that the preschool educators of the three countries are trying to provide facilities to the young children; likewise they are promoting educational structure in their countries. However, the stability that is provided by Sweden is the best. Parents may want to go back to work but good quality childcare is not really affordable for most people that work in the U.K a nd Italy, some people may find it more beneficial not to go back to work and get help from the government for childcare, which have a huge impact on the economy. The government policy in Sweden makes it affordable for their people to go back to work and still have quality childcare. The government not only shares the economical burden of the children’s education, they also give children best day care facilities that can help the parents to continue their job while the children are in safe hands. In Sweden the max

Political science - Module ( Introduction to research ) Essay - 1

Political science - Module ( Introduction to research ) - Essay Example The other hypothesis indicates that political democracy is related to the institutions and practices that are indispensable in the process of securing principles of transition to democracy. The method of research is based on numerous elements that will facilitate relevant compilation and utilization of the data by during the study. The research will be more oriented on the process and it will be a qualitative research, which will be following the sequence of various events for a period. Therefore, this will foster a substantial understanding of the democratization process form a regime of dictatorship. Data Collection: There will be preliminary gathering of data as a way of refining the thoughts of the researcher, where secondary data will be gathered for the organization’s reports and documents. The data gathered will contribute to sharpening focus on the problem statements of the research. Data Analysis: Data collected from the relevant sources will be analyzed in order to facilitate the process of drawing relevant information that can contribute significantly to developing a discussion. The research question will involve analysis of sets of couple data block, whereby every block will be a unit of variable matrix and these variables will have similar matrices. Discussion: The empirical evidence obtained from the analysis will be discussed based on the literature review in order to test the hypothesis of the research. The discussion will revolve around achievement of the research objective and answering the research question based on the information gathered from previous researches and the empirical evidence in the research. Conclusion and Recommendation: Ideas identified in the discussion section will be used to draw relevant concisions and recommendations. Recommendations in this research will be based on comparison of Egyptian process of democratization with Turkey regarding

Challenges in Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges in Writing - Essay Example For example, after writing about the ‘moment of truth’ in my protagonist’s life (in a short story I wrote), I pondered for a long time for an alternative word but had to be satisfied with ‘the yes moment’ and then still unhappily replaced it with ‘the cool moment’. Similarly I had to spend a sleepless night being unable to break free from the ‘having said that’ and ‘at the end of the day’ syndromes in my writing. To disentangle one’s thought process from the mundane discourses of one’s own mind is another great challenge, as far as I am concerned. This demands great amount of concentration and clarity. This approach to writing is rooted in attaining a crystal clear consciousness when one starts writing, which can surely be cultivated. It is an unconditional opening up of one’s senses to the surroundings so that you can hear a cuckoo’s song heard from far away (which otherwise you may n ot even notice), you can hear the feeble murmurings of wind, and also you can feel forgotten experiences and memories from distant recesses of the past. In such a moment of deep contemplation, I always had the experience of new words, new sensations and new ideas pouring in.

Choose a company or organisation. Suggest an additional green product Essay

Choose a company or organisation. Suggest an additional green product or service it could offer in the market - Essay Example Although we may not recall, reusable diapers with their security pins and artificial wrappings kept numerous of us dry as babies. Today, throwaway diapers have become the standard mostly due to their convenience. However, much has altered in latest years and there are numerous causes for holding our natural environment. The days of being restricted to disposable diapers and plastic diapers should be gone. Many parents who are focused on eco friendliness have found the expediency of disposables hard to give up. In detail, the diaper argument can get a bit confusing. Proponents of disposable diapers contend that eco friendly diapers or cloth diapers need time, water, electrical power, and petrol for consignment and washing. However, it is significant to recall that if the output method for organic piece of cloth diapers is much friendlier on the soil than the method for disposables. Washing piece of cloth diapers does take electrical power and water but if you integrate them into your laundry usual and restrict many of additional burdens, the added influence can be reduce. Organic Diapers are free of chemicals; organic cotton fabric diapers bypass the use of chemicals and thus are much device for your babys skin at a time when your babys skin is very weak. In compare, not reusable diapers use several chemicals, which are either for aesthetics or soaking up power. One demonstration is sodium polyacrylate which is utilized in diapers to make them permeable. Sodium polyacrylate can soak up as much as 400 to 800 times its group in water which makes it one of the most significant components of a throwaway diapers. However, sodium polyacrylate has been discovered to origin allergies in offspring amidst other troubles. Throwaway diapers may furthermore comprise find allowances of dioxin which is a side-effect of the bleached paper used (Brody

Critical Response Papers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Response Papers - Research Paper Example In the meantime, the three candidates have to confront the disapproving society that considers their relationship as somewhat unconventional. The homosexual relationships illustrate some form of deviation from normative practices, which disallow sexual relationships that fall outside the accepted forms of behavior in the society. In essence, the three men have to build a private world that exists within the larger external world and attempt by different means to redefine the conventions that determine the rules of sexuality. It becomes important to consider the fact that some of the issues that connect to the reality around the world have to be considered from the point of view of masculinity and sexuality. In normal practice, it is important to consider the fact that some issues that relate to matters of general interest have to be determined from the point of view of desire as it affects the male characters. The kind of relationship that defines the character of the different peopl e has to be considered within the context of a range of issues that influence perceptions and conventions. Desire, according to the conventions of the society, relates to the differences in perceptions involving sexual orientations, which appear to challenge and disrupt normative practices. The confusion that characterizes the lives of the characters in the movie is most telling when considered from the point of view of Tina’s life. The film explores the question of gender in a way that opens up the possibility of individuals converting into another gender. Tina switches from being a boy to a girl in order to engage in a love relationship with her father. The film illustrates the aspect of transcending normative practices and increasing the possibility of transformation across the lines of gender. In essence, it becomes important to consider the fact that some of the issues that connect within the structure have to relate to various issues that affect and are, in turn, affect ed by the practices of the main characters. Lesbianism and gay relationships are explored in ways that demonstrate the variations from norms and dominant perspectives of the society. Male attraction to fellow men features prominently in the film in ways that illustrate the unconventional nature of inner feelings and unstable conditions that define the kind of relationship between the male subjects. The male characters are portrayed as generally capable of engaging the major differences between the main actors and the different issues that affect perceptions on matters of sexuality and sexual relationships of one gender. In this manner, it becomes appropriate to consider the fact that some of the issues that concern the differences in character are considered as a sum of various influences that determine the worldview of the characters as perceived from the relationship of the major characters. Tina’s relationship with her father shows the extreme form of sexual disorientation that redefines the relationship between the male subjects. Generally, the movie explores the various angles of gender and sexuality with specific attention to the male characters. The definition of gender acquires multiple understandings because it is separated from the dominant perceptions

Beijing Sammies Essay Example for Free

Beijing Sammies Essay The AGROVOC Concept Server (AGROVOC/CS) Workbench is a web-based working environment consisting of numerous functionalities for the distributed management and enhancement of the AGROVOC/CS built from the AGROVOC thesaurus. Following the Semantic Web’s vision, that emphasizes collaboration in the development of data and metadata to be shared and reused across the web, the management of AGROVOC will progressively be transferred from a few individuals in FAO to a wider community of international AGROVOC experts. These interested and competent users will share the collaborative maintenance and extension of AGROVOC, one of the most frequently used terminological resources for agricultural information management in the world. Maintenance of the future extended AGROVOC will thus be completely decentralized with people worldwide contributing to its development. This report provides a brief note on the technical aspects of the AGROVOC/CS Workbench. Technical details †¢ Multilingual web interface and content (UTF8). †¢ The software is developed in pure JAVA (version 1. 5. x), with no calls to any third party modules requiring precompiled DLLs or other operating system specific features. †¢ The Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is used with an Eclipse plug-in for development of the system. It is used to build the system as a fully Java based AJAX client browser application that is compatible with all common web browsers. †¢ Where possible the JSP 2. 0 Expression Language (EL) is used for any JSP development within the project (it’s a way of writing script-less JSP pages). Protege OWL api framework is used to connect OWL. †¢ MySQL is used as RDBMS. †¢ The system is DBMS-independent. Additional database abstraction layer for interacting with the OWL backbone and the relational database will be used (e. g. the hibernat e persistence and query service, etc. ). The system follows FAO guidelines for HTML publishing: †¢ Guidelines for Web site development; †¢ File naming convention and file organization guidelines; †¢ Check list for the clearance of Web sites. In summary, the system is based on the following components: Development components †¢ Eclipse 3. 2 †¢ JAVA-JDK version jdk1. 5. x †¢ Apache Tomcat (that supports JSP and JAVA Servlets) Google Web Toolkit (for AJAX framework), version 1. 4. 60 †¢ Google Web Toolkit Incubator, version 1. 4 †¢ Protege OWL API 3. 4 libraries †¢ Hibernate 3. 0 libraries †¢ Hibernate 4 GWT, version 0. 5 RC2 †¢ MySQL version 5 Server side †¢ Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Linux †¢ Apache Tomcat 5. 5. 9 or higher †¢ JAVA-JDK version jdk1. 5. x or higher †¢ MySQL version 5 or higher †¢ Protege OWL API 3. 4 libraries †¢ Hibernate 3. 0 libraries †¢ Hibernate 4 GWT, version 0. 5 RC2 †¢ WAR file with compiled JAVA files and necessary libraries Current Server Configuration †¢ OS : Debian GNU/Linux 2. 6. 22-2 †¢ CPU: AMD 64 bit †¢ Memory: 8GB †¢ MYSQL version: 5. 0. 45 TOMCAT Version: 6. 0. 14 †¢ Java-JDK: 1. 6. 0_04 Required Application 1. MySQL version 5 or above Available link to download: http://dev. mysql. com/downloads/ 2. Apache Ant version 1. 7. 1 or above Available link to download: http://ant. apache. org/ 3. JAVA JDK version jdk. 1. 5. x or above Available link to download: http://java. sun. com/javase/downloads/index. jsp 4. Apache Tomcat version 6 or above Available link to download: http://tomcat. apache. org/download-55. cgi 5. Protege Version 3. 4 beta Build 130 Available link to download: http://protege. cim3. net/download/old-releases/3. 4%20betas/build-130/full/ 6. GWT Version 1. 4 Build 1. 4. 62 Available link to download: http://code. google. com/webtoolkit/versions. html The Step of Configuration 1. Download AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench code from the CVS Server. 2. Download the sql script from CVS Server at folder named sql. Create the database. †¢ Run the sql script file located at your_directorySQLadministrator_agrovocwb _v_0_2_beta. sql This will install administrator_agrovocwb database. †¢ Run sql script file to install the owl model database located at your_directorySQLlank model _v_0_2_beta. sql Here we have provided blank owl model. †¢ You can convert owl file directly to database by using stand alone java program located at: our_directorysrcorgfaoaoscsserverprotegeconvertToDatabaseProject. java †¢ You need the change the variables in the file. |18 private final static String url = jdbc:mysql://; | |19 private final static String table = ; | |20 private final static String user = ; | |21 private final static String password = ; | |22 private final static String uri = file:/c:/; | 3. To add model in the ontology list, go to database and table and insert new row with these values. Ontology id: (Auto increment) †¢ Ontology Name: Blank Model †¢ Ontology Description: AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench Blank AOS Module †¢ Database URL: jdbc:mysql://:3306/? requireSSL=falseuseUnicode=truecharacterEncoding=UTF-8 †¢ Database Driver: com. mysql. jdbc. Driver †¢ Table Name: †¢ Database Username: †¢ Database Password: †¢ Display Ontology on the list: 0 for hide and 1 for Show 4. Use java editor to †¢ Change the configuration of the hibernate file that located in your_directorysrchibernate. cfg. xml Change the property of your connection password instead of â€Å"your_password† and change the property of your connection url instead of â€Å"your_url†. 13 your_password | |14 jdbc:mysql://your_url | †¢ Change the configuration of the database properties that located in your_directorysrcorgfaoaoscsserverowlDatabaseC onnection. properties Change the property of your username of database instead of â€Å"your_username† and change the property of your password of database instead of â€Å"your_password†. |4 userAdminDB = your_username | |5 passwordAdminDB = your_password | †¢ Change the configuration of the mail file that located in your_directory srcorgfaoaoscsutilityMail. properties Change the property of your host name instead of â€Å"your_mailserver_host†, change the property of your port instead of â€Å"your_port†, change the property of your user instead of â€Å"your_user†, change the property of your password instead of â€Å"your_password† and change the property of your from information instead of â€Å"sender_email†. |1 host=your_mailserver_host | |2 port=your_port | |3 user=your_user | |4 password=your_password | |5 from= sender_email | †¢ Run build file to create war file using Apache ANT. 5. Copy the war file to folder of tomcat installation directory. 6. You can use the program by opening your browser and type †¢ http://localhost:8080/your_project_name

Juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice in Russia

Juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice in Russia Juvenile delinquency refers to crimes committed by young people or minors.  A criminal is one who relapses and commits crimes repeatedly.  Most legal systems consider specific procedures for dealing with this problem, such as juvenile detention centers.  There are many different theories about the causes of crime, most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of juvenile crimes.  Juvenile crime often receives great attention from the media and politicians.  This is because the level and types of juvenile crimes can be used by analysts and the media as an indicator of the general state of morality and public order in a country and as a result can be a source of moral panic alarm.   Like most types of offenses, the number of crimes committed by juveniles in Russia has increased since the mid-twentieth century.  There are many theories about the causes of juvenile crimes, regarded as particularly important within criminology.  This is because the number of crimes increases dramatically between fifteen and twenty years.  Second, any theory about the causes of crime of juvenile crimes should be considered as adult criminals are likely to have had a beginning in crime when they were young.   On the other hand, another possible origin of the juvenile delinquency problems such as schizophrenia, behavioral / mental stress disorder, conduct disorder or bipolar disorder, as stated in Juvenile Justice in the Russian Federation: Improving Services to Youth at Risk. Rational choice theory. Classical criminology considers that the causes of crime have their origin in the same criminal, rather than its external environment.  For classicists, what motivates offenders is the rational self-interest, and highlights the importance of free choice and personal responsibility.  The rational choice theory is the clearest example of this approach. Social disorganization theory. The current positivist approaches generally focus on culture, producing the breakdown of family relationships and community, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and greater individualism.Studies show that only 16 percent of children do something bad, as opposed to 26 percent of adults do something illegal. The theory of stress. The theory of stress is mainly associated with the work of Robert Merton.  Merton believed that in society there are institutionalized paths to success.  The strain theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty for those living in poverty to achieve through legitimate means socially valued goals.  For those who, for example, fails the educational attainment, that is why it is more difficult to achieve wealth and social status assured by well-paid jobs, and therefore it is more likely to use criminal means to achieve these goals, as stated in Juvenile justice in Russia.  Merton suggests five adjustments to this dilemma: Innovation: individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means. Retreat: those who reject socially approved goals and means to acquire them. Ritualism: those who are in the system of socially approved means but lose sight of goals.  Merton believed that drug users are in this category. Conformity: those who meet the means and goals of the system. Rebellion: people who deny socially approved goals and means creating a new set of goals and acceptable means. One difficulty with the theory is that stress does not explain why children from low income families in Russia have a poor educational performance in the first place.  Indicated is the fact that much youth crimes are not economically motivated.  The strain theory fails to explain the violent crime, juvenile crime rate that causes the greatest anxiety to the public. Theory of Subcultures is related to the strain theory.  The difficulty of youth to achieve goals and produce socially recognized status groups of young people, who are criminals and deviant subcultures from the right path, have their own values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and standards.  Within these groups, criminal behavior can actually be measured, increasing the status of a youth.  The notion of subcultures is important for offenders for crimes that are not economically motivated.  The male members of the bands can argue to have their own values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹such as respect for the ability to fight and daring.  However, it is not clear why young people make them different from normal non-violators.  Also, there is an explanation of why people are unable to reach socially recognized goals and must necessarily choose substitutes criminals.  Theories of subcultures have also been criticized for having too big a distinction between what is normal and what behavior is deviant. There are also doubts about whether young people consciously rejected the generally accepted values. Differential Association Theory. The differential association theory is about young people in a group setting, and sees how peer pressure and the existence of bands can lead to crime.  It suggests that young people are driven to commit crimes by delinquent peers, learning skills of criminals. There has also been cited a factor in reducing crime reduction as a peer influence, as the men they marry.  There is evidence that young people with criminal friends are more likely to commit crimes.  However, there may be cases of criminals who prefer to join, then the delinquent peers begin to make some offending.  In addition there is the question of how delinquent peers group initially began to commit crimes. Labelling theory suggests that once you have been labeled as a young criminal, this person is more likely to commit crimes.  The idea is that once that a person has been labeled, a youth becomes different, and can accept the role and it is more likely to join others who have been labeled the same way.  Labeling theorists say that there is a greater likelihood that the male children of poor families are labeled as different, and this may partially explain why young male offenders belong to lower class Juvenile delinquency in Russia as a male phenomenon. Juvenile crime committed by men is much higher than the female. Other feminist theorists have studied the causes of this phenomenon.  One suggestion is that ideas of masculinity may make young men more likely to commit crimes.  Being resilient, having higher capacity, being aggressive, daring and competitive can be ways in which young people express their masculinity.  The expression of these ideals can make it more likely that young people develop antisocial and criminal behavior.  Alternatively, something that makes young men act as they do, is because of social pressure to conform to the ideal male, and young men may be naturally more aggressive, bold, etc. There may be biological or psychological factors, the way the  parents treat young men can make them more susceptible to crime. According to a study conducted by Dr. Kevin M.  criminologist at the University of Florida (USA), adolescent males who possess a certain type of variation in a specific gene are more proclibed to meet with other criminals, as stated in The colony for Russias young offenders. Risk factors. Certain risk factors are associated with the potential for violence against oneself and against others.  It is very important to keep in mind that none of these factors alone is sufficient to predict violence.  Using these factors simply as a checklist for a particular child may be inappropriate and even potentially harmful.  This list will not be used to stereotype or stigmatize a young man by the mere fact that appears to have some risk factors. Personal risk factors include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ History of tantrums or uncontrollable explosions of anger; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Violent behavior; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use past typically insulting or offensive language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Abusive behavior toward peers or younger; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ History of having been the victim of bullies; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A pattern of violent threats  when angry; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cruelty to animals; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Start fires; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use and abuse of alcohol or drugs; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Have attempted suicide in the past; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Depression or frequent mood swings; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tendency to blame others for their problems;   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Experience personal humiliation, loss and rejection; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Too much interest in weapons or explosives; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ poor relations with peers, exclusion of the group, few or no close friends; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participation in cults or gangs; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Too much unstructured time. Mental disorders. Behavioral disorders usually develop in childhood and usually manifest during the teenage life.  Some juvenile behavior is attributed to diagnosable disorder known as conduct disorder.  According to the DSM-IV-TR code 312.xx (where xx varies with the specific subtype), adolescents with conduct disorder also show a lack of empathy and disregard for social norms.  The DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association and referenced often by psychiatrists to diagnose mental disorders.  Juvenile offenders who reoffend in the criminal justice system sometimes diagnosed behavioral disorders because they show a continued disregard for their safety and that of others and their belongings. Once the young still have the same patterns of behavior and reaches eighteen, then you are in danger of diagnosis with an antisocial personality disorder and it is much more likely to become a serious criminal.  One of the main elements used in the diagnosis of adult antisocial personality disorder is to present a documented history of conduct disorder before age 15.  These two personality disorders are similar in erratic and aggressive behavior. This is the reason why the common juvenile delinquents in Russia are diagnosed with conduct disorder is likely to show signs of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.  Once adolescents reach maturity, unacceptable social behavior becomes a lifestyle and they become career criminals. Career criminals start with antisocial behavior before entering graduate school and are versatile in the sense that they engage in an array of destructive behaviors, offenders with very high rates, and less likely to stop the crime while they are  aging, as described in The colony for Russias young offenders. Family environment. Among the family factors that may have a negative influence can include:the level of parental supervision, how to discipline children by parents, a parental conflict or separation, criminal parents or siblings, a parental abuse or neglect, and the quality of parent-child relationship. Children raised by divorced parents are more likely to begin to commit crimes than those who grew up with both parents, however, if one takes into account the bond that a child feels toward his parents and the level of parental supervision, it is considered that children  families of single parent, is more likely to commit crime. Just as if a child has a low parental supervision, many studies have found a strong correlation between a lack of supervision and crime, and this seems to be the most important influence of the family.  When parents do not usually know where your children are, what their activities are, or who their friends are, they more likely to be absent from school and to have delinquent peers leads them to commit crimes.  A lack of supervision is linked to poor relationships between children and parents, since children are often in conflict with their parents, who tend to be less willing to discuss their activities with them.  Youth with a weak bond with their parents are more likely to commit crimes. Crime prevention. The prevention of crime is the general term for all efforts to prevent youth involved in criminal or antisocial activities.  Increasingly, governments are recognizing the importance of allocating resources for crime prevention.  It is often difficult for states to provide financial resources for adequate prevention, organizations and communities. For all these governments work in partnership is essential for prevention. With the development of delinquency in youth, influenced by many factors, prospects for prevention efforts are understandable.  Among prevention services there are included activities such as education and substance abuse treatment drugs, family counseling, mentoring and youth protection, parental education, educational assistance, and social intervention. Consequences for society. Once the juvenile reaches maturity they are likely to continue showing maladjustment behaviors and increase their risk of being prosecuted through the criminal justice system as adult offenders.  Due to the small percentage of normal adult and juvenile offenders who contribute a high percentage of violent crime (ie murder and aggravated assault), the criminal justice system should monitor the small population of professional criminals in an effort to prevent the proliferation of  serious violent offenders, as described in Russia considering juvenile justice system. If mental disorders such as conduct disorder go undiagnosed and untreated, juvenile has the growing potential for developing an antisocial personality disorder and continue later life as a professional criminal.  Most violent criminals exhibit traits of antisocial personality disorder and put on display before age of 15.  The antisocial personality disorder is a common diagnosis for a mass murderer.  Alvarez and Bachman found a similarity between the mass murderers that made his previous criminal convictions.  In this case, the conduct disorder could become an element likely to serial murderer if not diagnosed and treated before it becomes fully into adulthood in an antisocial personality disorder. Conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorders are categorized as extremely similar personality definitions in DSM-IV-TR and as explained above in mental disorders.  Some common features include the constant breach of social norms, aggressive behavior toward people, and a decoupling of the emotion of empathy.These features are also common among serial murderers and maladaptive behaviors if left untreated has the potential to create a person who fantasizes about killing several victims and then meet his impulsiveness when no longer able to restrain. All in all, the juvenile delinquency in Russia can be prevented and must be prevented, using new innovative approaches and different methods that will help youth to direct their efferts and interests in studying and working. Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem in Russia and the juvenile justice for it should be corresponding.

Principles of Democratic Education

Principles of Democratic Education What are the principles of democratic education? How are these principles and values in  tension/contradiction with our social construction of children and youth? For example, what  assumptions do we make about teaching, learning and youth that democratic schools challenge? How  does one size fits all centralized curriculum contribute to what Apple called the de-skilling of  teachers? What is lost when this approach is adapted, especially when it is combined with the  intensification of teaching? Explore the contradictions between what we say we want our students to  be when they are finished their schooling (engaged, critical thinkers, active contributors and problem  solvers) and how we are often educating young people. How does democratic education address this?  What are some of the challenges educators who want to introduce democratic principles into their  schools face? What are some of the potential rewards? How does democratic education address the notion th at all education, even that which claims to be value-centered, is political? Explain the relationship that concepts like voice and agency have to democratic principles in Education. Answer Democratic Education All beings are created as individuals and have different habits and intelligence. Ayers (2009) says that every human being is capable of infinite and incalculable valve. All of us have an exclusive intellectual, emotional, physical, spiritual, moral and creative force. Each person is born free and is equal in dignity and right. Each endows with reason and conscience. Every individual is deserves a community and sense of brotherhood and sisterhood, recognition and respect. This core value must express itself explicitly and implicitly in education as in every other aspect of associative living. Amy Gutmann (1999) defines democratic education  as a worldwide movement towards greater decision-making power for students in the running of their own schools. There is no generally agreed definition of the term, but at the IDEC: International Democratic Education Conference (2010) in 2005 the participants agreed that, in any educational setting, young people have the right: to decide individually how, when, what, where and with whom they learn To have an equal share in the decision-making in the running of their school and determining the rules and sanctions, if any, are necessary. IDEC (2010) supports schools which uphold respect and trust for children. They believe in shared responsibility and freedom of choice of activity. IDEC is open to schools which follow equality of status of children and adult and democratic governance by children and staff together. They do not believe in any superior guide and system. Principles of Democratic Education There are two pillars of democratic education: Self-determined learning A learning community based on equality and mutual respect Apple (1995) discusses that democratic education means that children and teachers engage in collaborative planning, reaching decisions that are in the interest of both their aspirations and desires. Those involved in democratic schools prize diversity. They consider themselves participants of communities of learning. Such communities include people representing a broad spectrum of age, culture, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic class and abilities. However, these differences do not create stereotype; instead they enrich the community. Democracy means by definition means by the people, for the people. Therefore, it gives the community a shared purpose and allows people to set aside their self-interests and work for the greater good. Common goal is the central idea of democracy. Beane Apple (1995) explain that educators who are committed to democracy know that any inequality at schools will also be found in the community. Hence, they seek not only seek democracy in institutes but also want to extent to the community. If the community does not follow democratic conviction then concentrating on democratic education is pointless, because the young people will be affected by their surroundings and the concept will fail. Democratic education seeks to lessen the harshness of social inequities in school and change the conditions which create them. Challenges by Democratic Schools Democratic school challenge the approach of teaching that follows the belief that young people are to follow the lead of their teachers and not question their ability or knowledge. Democratic approach says that students and teachers should go hand-in-hand. They should participate in not only teaching practice but also the curriculum. Democratic education challenges the conventional way of assembling the curriculum and focus on broadening the horizons. These schools need to be based on the broad definition of we, a commitment to build a community that is of the school and the community in which the school exists. One Size Fit All Today all the focus is on privatization, marketization and decentralization. So, for teachers, going beyond approved material risks administrative consents. Jungck (2000) explains in her article that there is an immense pressure in not only to redefine the methods of teaching but also the purpose of education. if the schools, their teachers and curriculum are closely knitted, more technology oriented, according to the needs of business and industry, then it is expected that the problems of achievement and unemployment will be disappear along with the international economic competitiveness. In most of elementary and high schools, the curriculum is planned by the national or state department of education. It took teachers a lot of time and effort to minimize the total administrative control over the curriculum. Apple (1995) says, that after all, it is the teachers who teach in the class room and thus they should have a say in the matter. In most Western industrialized nations, the phenomenon of de-skilling of teachers is become common. It means that when individuals are unable to control a large portion of their job, they forget the essential skills required to perform the job. Teachers have been alienated from the tasks of setting curricular goals, designing lessons and individualized attention to students according to ability and need. Now, instead of teachers who care about what and why they teach, executioners of someone elses plan are created. The effect of this practice is very hostile for the profession of teaching itself. Quality is sacrificed on quantity as a result of de-skilling of teachers. They now want to cut corner and rely on the experts for their job. Jungck (2000) tells the concept of intensification; she says that collective skills of teachers are list as they concentrate on management skills. Ayers (2009) enforce the importance of education. He says that all children and youth in a democracy deserve full access to richly resourced classrooms led by caring, thoughtfully qualified, and generously compensated teachers. Whereas democratic education I affecting the professional teachers and turning them into managers. Intensification results in lack of enthusiasm and simplistic response to innovation. Educating Young People Every student brings their experiences and skills to school. They represent their community (Ayers, 1994). In another article Ayers (2009) states that, students should be able to make up their own judgment based on evidence, ask fundamental questions and pursue answers wherever they take them. Democratic education is about opening doors of opportunity and opening minds as students make their own pathways into the world. Beane Apple (1995) explain by research that young people are more interested to learn through experience. They do not like to study from tapes because they already know most of the stuff. Teachers also dont interact during this type of sessions and the outcome is not as desired. So, democratic education Challenges, Rewards   Political Belief Ayers (1992) tell that in order to introduce democratic education, people have taken very important steps. Young people have been given space and considered while making policies. A great challenge however was inadequately trained staff. Apple (1995) says that a very challenging task was to broaden the horizon of education from the conventional curriculum. Also, in order to achieve democratic education, the community and school needed to be connected. However, the outcomes of democratic education are vast. The students are grown to be with high thinking ability and contribute to their society. Although no matter what the core value, it is always of political benefit. Ayers conclude that (2009) educators, students, and citizens should press for an education worthy of a democracy, including an end to sorting people into winners and losers through expensive standardized tests that act as pseudo-scientific forms of surveillance. There should be an end to starving schools of needed resources and then blaming teachers and their unions for dismal outcomes. Militarization of schools, zero tolerance policies, gender identity discrimination and end to limited resources due to communities historically isolated, underfunded, and underserved. Question No. 2 Outline the tenets of neoliberalism in relation to education. What are the organizing value sets and  key assumptions to this ideology? How are they aligned with or in conflict with the goals of some of the  other models we have looked at in education (for example, Deweys notion of child-centered  education) where is power and authority located in a neoliberalist model? List a few of the key ideas  of neoconservatives in relation to education. Can a person be both a neoconservative and a neoliberal at  the same time? How does the film Waiting for Superman frame particular neoliberalist ideas about  education? What systemic structures are not being challenged by putting the blame for lagging education on teachers unions, according to Swalwell and Apple? Who benefits by this, and who loses?  Discuss the ways in which charter schools and voucher systems can impact students, teachers and  schools. Why do you think neoliberalism has become the dominant discourse of educati on, despite the  fact that Finland seems to go against most of the tenets of neoliberalist education and yet scores so well  on the PISA tests? Is it the inevitable way that the world is moving and education needs to adapt, or are  there other models that should be considered for teaching and learning? Answer Neoliberalism Wendy Brown (2003) states that neoliberalism equated with a radically free market: maximized competition and free trade achieved through economic de-regulation, elimination of tariffs, and a range of monetary and social policies favourable to business and indifferent toward poverty, social deracination, cultural decimation, long term resource depletion and environmental destruction. So neoliberalism can be summed up in four major types of public policy: Free trade, Deregulation Fiscal austerity Privatization John Deweys Theory of Education Warde (1960) explains this theory; unifying principles of democracy and education will create an American society depicting creative and well-adjusted youth. The three steps are: Free availability of kindergarten to college Children would carry on the educational process, aided and guided by the teacher They would be trained to behave cooperatively, sharing with and caring for one another image. Warde (1960) stated that by following this theory the opposition between the old education and the new conditions of life would be overcome. The progressive influences radiating from the schools would stimulate and fortify the building of a democratic order of free and equal citizens. Since the 1980s the impact of neoliberal and neoconservative ideas on education in the UK and USA has been dramatic. In the UK, protagonists argued that education had been going in the wrong direction and attacked ideological attack resulting in quality of primary education in England. From the 1950s to the early 1980s those teachers were respected due to their professionalism and because they engaged in a variety of national curriculum projects. During this period schools had both greater autonomy and greater local support than thereafter (Hicks, 2004). Hicks (2004) state that money spent on education is seen as a waste of time unless it helps the country compete efficiently and effectively in the international market. The metaphors applied to education became those of the market place: parents as consumers, business as the model for education, internal and external competition in schools to bring out what is the best in both pupils and schools. Neoconservative Neoconservative is a conservative who advocates the assertive promotion of democracy and United States national interest in international affairs including through military means. Neoconservatives are not really conservative and neoliberals are not really liberal. So a person can be both at the same time. Neoconservative policies with respect to education will include; common curriculum, accountability of teachers, responsibility of teachers for education and central control over education (Apple Swalwell, 2011). Waiting for Superman According to Apple Swalwell (2011),Waiting for Superman explores the tragic way of failure of American education system. It is incorporated by neoliberal idea, shows that America had the best public education system dominating internationally. Regardless of systemic and structural social inequities that powerfully shape the lives of the children and their caregivers, the film portrays them all as equally tragic. These are children who want desperately to succeed but who are likely to be crushed by bureaucracies, bad teachers, and unions unless charters with dynamic leaders can save them. Apple Swalwell (2011) blame the teachers Union for lagging education because they themselves are unionized and bad teachers are protected by them at the expense of students. By blaming these unions, oppression of children, racial and social issues are not addressed. It also fails to address the impact of No Child Left Behind and other policies that cut off school funding. This also does not discuss curriculum change towards test preparation, mechanized teaching, and further marginalized children who are predicted to drag down test scores As the documentary points out only one in five charter schools perform better than regular school, the ultimate solution for the students, teachers and parents. Rather, the solution is not to put all children in charter schools, but rather to make all schools more like the charters. That would entail discipline, high expectations for all students, longer school days, and more flexibility to hire (and reward) good teachers and get rid of bad ones. Conclusion Finlands teachers are also fully unionized, teaching there is in a homogeneous and wealthy nation. Their educational system has access to social support system. There are many factors that are to be considered in adapting educational models. The web woven between charter schools, neoliberal venture capitalists, and neoconservative think tanks forms powerful, interconnected force intending to influence votes on policies supporting charter schools and even running candidates. These promoters include most prominent educational leaders and policy makers. Research needs to be done in order to expose this political effect and attempt to protect public institutions. Our schools, teachers and students deserve better. Therefore they need to work together along with the help of state to run a progressing educational system. Competition is the basis of improvement. Therefore, the educational methods have to be competitive with global market. Finland succeeds due to the huge safety net for citizens, whereas everywhere else cutting edges are common. Segregation, property-tax based funding formulas, centralized textbook production, lack of local autonomy and shared governance, de-professionalization, inadequate special education supports, differential discipline patterns, and other such matters need to be addressed in order to improve educational system. However, the need to adapt according to the changing technology and laws is necessary.

Origins of the Watch making Industry Essay -- Design and Technology

Origins of the Watch making Industry The production of watches was a major industry of Great Britain for hundreds of years. Watch making originated in Europe in the early 16th century, when coiled springs were first used to power clocks. Clocks were powered by weights originally, and therefore remained stationary. The springs meant that clocks could be moved for the first time, and soon, German clockmakers started to make very small clocks, which are considered as the earliest watches made. Watch making was the most advanced line of the clock making industry, which developed when Blacksmiths started introducing their skills with metal to clock making. Watches were being made in Great Britain from around the middle of Elizabeth 1 reign as Queen of England. (1533 – 1603) It is likely that the success of European Watchmakers encouraged British Watchmakers to start producing Watches to make sure they weren’t behind in technological developments. During this, watches were extremely expensive, and therefore quite rare, they were also quite inaccurate, and only had an hour hand. Most designs for early watches were for the watches to be worn around the neck, on either a cord or ribbon. This was because it was a status symbol to be seen wearing a watch and the watches were still pretty large, and couldn’t fit in the pocket very easily, if the clothes had pockets, as this was also a rarity. It was in the late 17th century that the watch making industry became a much more renowned industry in Britain. Evolution in watch design meant that watches soon became more accurate, which made them much more useful and as a result, the demand increased for British watches. Watch making in Prescot By the 18th century, Prescot was well established as the centre of watch making in England, and for 100 years after, Prescot would become world famous for its product quality. John Wyke and other famous watch makers started their businesses in Prescot, and at the beginning of Queen Victoria’s reign in 1837, Watch making was renowned in Prescot. The area was already well known for its tools most importantly files, and metal works, which made it easier for business to thrive. Extremely high quality tools and metal were required by watchmakers so the industries were set up next to each other to make life simpler. Liverpool became a major c... ... into the Prescot watch making industry in an attempt to keep it competitive, it had all but gone from prescot by the mid 1880s. A decision was made to act, and T.P Hewitt was one of the founding members of the Lancashire Watch Company. The building was completed in 1889, and it was based on the American Factory system of manufacture, where complete watch movements were made, by machines, under one roof. The factory was fitted out with machines to produce the watch parts, powered by a steam engine called the Horologer (Horology is the correct name for the study and production of clocks and watches). They made a range of watches too suit all the poorest of pockets. It lasted into the 20th century and had some success, becoming a major producer of watches in Britain. However, foreign competition was too great and by that time, very well established. This combined with poor marketing, especially overseas led to the company being forced to close its doors in 1910. Some small workshops still produced time pieces in Prescot until the middle of the 20th century, but the watch making industry in Prescot effectively ended with the closure of the Lancashire watch company.

Going through the Mail :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Going through the Mail "Would you please get the mail," my mother implored as I entered the door. Heading towards the mailbox, I wondered if I would find the typical assortment of bills and catalogues or something interesting addressed to me. To my delight, the first item was the new issue of PC Computing. Ever since I was introduced to computers when I was five, I have been fascinated by them. The summer before my sophomore year of high school, I wrote a program called Quickchange 95 using Visual Basic. This program changed the startup and shutdown screens of Windows 95. I distributed the program via shareware archives on the Internet, and I received email from all over the world from satisfied users. I shuffled through one of my mother's clothing catalogues to find my issue of Money Magazine. I have been interested in business and finance since the day which we started studying the stock market in fifth grade. The summer before my junior year, I combined my interests in business and computers by starting a web design company with a friend. We created a web site for a local bike shop which is only one of two bike shops in Connecticut to have a presence on the Internet. Currently, I am the head web designer for my school. I intend to combine computers and business in my future career. My goal is to work on the business side of a computer firm, and eventually, I would like to start my own computer company. A board of education letter of commendation for my participation in the FIRST robotics program also arrived today. I have been able to develop my entrepreneurial skills through the FIRST robotics program. FIRST is a national engineering competition in which partnerships are formed between local businesses and high schools to design and build a robot-like machine. The team has about six weeks to build a machine, that must be able to compete in a timed sporting event. I have been involved in FIRST each year of my high school career. Last year, I was team captain, and our team finished fourth in the country out of one hundred and fifty-six teams. As a result of my involvement with FIRST, I have improved my confidence, my leadership, and my team working abilities. FIRST gave me experience working with a diverse group of people with a variety of skills.

Organizing, Researching, and Illustrating your Material Essay

Step 1: Methods Observations: I would observe the individuals in different departments in their own work enviroments to see how they interact with each other and their clients on a day to day basis. I would do this in hopes to see where any and all issues or breakdowns in communication and work procedure and protocols are happening. I hope to have a better understanding of how each department works together after these observations and interviews. Interviews: I will would interview each employee personally, or in groups by department. Whichever I felt would get a better response from the employees. I would plan to explain to them the problems that have been brought to my attention and ask for their input into what they feel the biggest problems are and how they would solve them. Surveys: I would then have them fill out surveys followed by a question and answer session to try to get a personal feel to what is going on. Part 2A: Surveys Employees: Why do you feel some employees have resigned their positions here at Phoenix Advertising in recent months? I hope to find out what employee grievances are and how we as a company can create a better working environment for them. Are we satisfying our clients and what can be done to ensure satisfaction and return business of our clients? I hope to find out if the employees feel they are doing their best for our clients, working to their full ability, what is lacking, and what can be improved. Tell me about yourself and your position here at Phoenix Advertising. Who is the person that you report to when on an assignment? I want to learn what each person  believes their responsibilities are within the company and to whom they report. I also may find some other areas of concerns that have not yet been reported, such as a broken chain of command. 2. Clients: a. What services did you hire Phoenix advertising to do for you? Is there a service you wish we provided or would like to see in the future? Was the price what you expected for the outcome? i. I want to find out exactly what services we are providing most, and what is being offered most. And how our services compare to the prices our clients are paying for them. b. Are you satisfied with the Roanoke Branch staff and the services that have been provided to you on a scale from 0 to 10 (10 being the highest)? i. I want to find out if they are being treated the way they expect to from someone they are essentially paying to work for them. And if they feel like they are they receiving what was promised in their contracts with the company. c. What can we as a company, do better? Would you recommend our services to others? Why or why not? i. I want to know what is most important to our clients and where we need to improve. I also want to find out if our clients would tell others about us, because word of mouth is a great way to gain business, and if it is not I want to know what we can do to change it. Step 2 B: Letter to CEO of Roanoke Branch Phoenix Advertising ATTN: Roanoke Branch 2244 W. 177th Ave Suite 44C Roanoke VA 28135 Phone: (757) 455-2244 Dear Mr. Jonathan Willis: I am writing this letter to inform you that the company president of Phoenix Advertising, Mr. Gregory Forest is sending me to your branch to conduct an investigation into some recent customer complaints we have received. Mr. Forest was concerned after learning that several of our clients from your branch, have complained about the quality, or lack there of, of the work being produced by your advertising department. He is also particularly worried with the news that two of your top, long term, management employees have left the company within the last few months, along with receiving news of several other management and employee issues arising within you branch. For my visit, I am expecting that you to prepare various company documents, such as the company policy manuals you provide for your employees, any production manuals you may have, a list of your hiring and recruitment processes and management approaches, and all other company policies that you may have in place or that you pro vide to your employees. My hopes are that we can sit down together and go over them and try to find a solution to the problems at hand. Please make a copy of all of these available for when I arrive. I would also like to set a time to conduct an interview with some of your newer employees to see how they are being trained and some of your older employees in order to gather their views and opinions of these issues and any concerns they may have, so that we can form a solution to these problems and make your team stronger than ever. Your full support is crucial in resolving these possible problems that are happening in your branch, and more importantly, in coming up with the best solutions to ensure a better future at both your branch and within our company as a whole. I am looking forward to seeing you and your team soon. Thank you for your time and cooperation. Sincerely, Kirstin Krueger VP of Human Resource Management Step 2B – Problems and Illustration Problems: The Phoenix Advertising group is having problems with its employees both in terms of employee work ethic, and in employee morale and motivation. Because of this, a report is needed to find out the economic issues and any managerial issues there may be. Also to look at the relationship of these employees and their management. This report is intended to help the company understand the issues at the Roanoke branch and to find any solutions there may be in order to fix these issues for good. Facts and Causes: Background data: The company that is experiencing the problem is the Roanoke branch of the Phoenix Advertising company, located in Roanoke, Virginia. Phoenix, Advertising is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina and has clients that include but are not limited to: banks, insurance companies and retail chains. My job as the Vice President for Human Resources Management at Phoenix Advertising, is to report to the company President. The visit to the Roanoke Branch is to learn the facts and causes of the issues and complaints that have been brought to our attention, and to find the right solutions to the problems and complaints so that these issues do not continue to arise in the future. Relative Information: The problem started when the company President learned that several of our clients have complained of the work performed in the Roanoke, Virginia branch. Every client is very important to the company’s overall success,, as clients are what drive our business. We also learned that two, long term employees and top management people have left the agency in the last few months. There are also other key people in the agency are threatening to leave due to other issues. The company president requires me, to conduct a personal inquiry of the situation. I need to determine and analyze the work condition of the branch. I will interview several, various employees, both new and old to determine the views and opinions of the employees of their  work environment. I will also look at various company documents, manuals, and all employee management training. Impact and Effect: The investigation into the Roanoke Branch of the Phoenix Advertising company showed that they are currently facing problems with both management and employee relations. The Roanoke management problems are significantly affecting their employee performance and work ethic. The overall quality and productivity of the branch is suffering. One of their main problems is the decreasing employee morale and motivation. This was easily observed and shown through the answers I received while conducting my interviews. The employees, both new and old showed a huge decrease in their dedication for their work, which resulted in the decline of the quality of their performance at work and the work they produced. The employees also associated this decline to the fact that they felt dissatisfaction with the services and the performances of their managers and the work environment that they were having to work in. The employees feel stress in their work environment which resulted in an increased rate of the use of sick days and was the main cause of the high employee turnover rate. A lack of or poor communication between the employees and the managers is also another problem raised during the my interviews. Solutions The problems discovered during my investigation have to be resolved, and soon, as this may negatively affect not only the Roanoke branch but Phoenix Advertising as a whole. We need to start by revising the hiring and recruitment process in the branch. Particularly on information relative to work assignments, chain of command, and the rights and privileges of the employees. This solution proposal will hopefully create a clear understanding of the purpose of having an employee, and allowing the superiors to use them accordingly based on their skills set, and responsibilities. As the investigator, I recommend the following solutions: Reducing the overall workload of our full-time employees and adding more  part-time employees to help them out, especially during peak seasons to lower employee tension and to even out the amount of work each individual has to do alone. Establishing a clear communication line between managers and employees. This will allow for a more productive workplace, better collaboration between the clients, artists, helpers and anyone else who is involved in the project. Creating a clearer procedural structure and requirements in future approvals of new clients and contracts, to be able to assure the capabilities of the overall company. By being able to provide a better quality product not just pumping out a higher quantity of products for the Roanoke branch and for the Phoenix Advertising company as a whole.

One Friday Morning Essay

The short story â€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes is about a young black girl, Nancy Lee, who recently moved out of the South with her parents so they may provide her with a better life and schooling. Very talented in watercolor painting, she wanted to make that her major in college. Regrettably, there are some people in the world that are just blinded by race and forget how America was supposed to be a place for equal rights without tyranny. Nancy Lee may be a colored girl, but at times in her new school she forgets that she has different skin color than the rest of the students. Her peers would overlook her race as well, and they saw her as a young and talented individual. This represents foreshadowing that she was not seen as colored although she was. Nancy Lee had painted an award winning piece worthy of a scholarship to an art institute. The painting was of her grandmother sitting on a park bench looking at the American flag on a bright sunny day. Unfortunately, the art institute didn’t realize that Nancy Lee was a colored girl at the time they chose her painting. When it was made known, they decided to give the scholarship to a white student as they felt if Nancy Lee were to attend the Institute it would cause controversy amongst others. The day Nancy was to receive the award, she was told by her principal, Miss O’Shay, that she would not acquire this magnificent prize because of the color of her skin. Miss O’Shay regrettably informed the talented girl that â€Å"When the committee learned that you were colored, they changed their plans. † Nancy Lee looked up at her principal and noticed the bright spring day it was outside just like in her painting. At the weekly assembly, Nancy Lee took her seat along with 3000 other students, turned her head, and said the pledge to the flag that is supposed to symbolize freedom and equal rights with â€Å"Liberty and justice for all†. She then decided that even though she was not accepting the award, which was rightfully hers, she would fight to make a difference in the future so no other young girls would go through what she was currently enduring. One gloomy day the principal, Miss O’Shay called Nancy Lee into her office after school. Miss O’Shay made Nancy Lee aware that her painting had won the contest; but also asked her to keep it a secret until the assembly on Friday when she was to accept the award. She was not supposed to tell Nancy Lee, however, Miss O’Shay felt it would be in Nancy Lee’s best interest to know ahead of time so she wouldn’t be taken off guard and could remain composure at the time of the acceptance. The irony in this is that if Miss O’Shay did not tell Nancy Lee of her winning then, on the day of the assembly, Nancy Lee would not have to be called into the office to receive the disturbing news that she would not be called on stage to accept the award because of the color of her skin. Even though Nancy Lee, as well as her peers, would sometimes forget that she was a brown girl, the committee couldn’t see past her skin color. Nancy Lee went from being a bright eyed, brown colored girl to a dark girl that day. Within the context of the story Langston Hughes portrays the stars on the American Flag as a symbol of hope to all. Not only in the 1950’s but also in today’s society the stars on our flag of freedom represent what all Americans are about, liberation and equal rights for all. Our ancestors came to this country to make a better life for themselves as well as their children. Even during our national anthem â€Å"The Star Spangled Banner† the last verse says â€Å"Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave, o’er the land of the free and the home of the brave† The stars on the flag will always mean the same regardless the year whether its 1814 when the national anthem was written, the 1950’s when this story took place, or in the year 2012. Bigotry is something that we all have to deal with. Some people are so scared of change and anything different. Even though we all have the same rights as humans, some people just can’t see past the color of a person’s skin; not just the outer difference, but also religious beliefs as well. We live in a society that no matter how much a person can persevere through discrimination there is always going to be someone to try and hold them back. In my point of view, intolerance of someone that is different is a disgrace to all mankind. This is something that Langston Hughes illustrates very well in the story. Nancy Lee, a very talented young girl, deserved to win the scholarship; but because of the color of her skin she was denied what was rightfully hers.

Job Application Letter

I-2-10 Blok 1 Lorong Sierra Apartment PH I/3A Jalan Tuaran Menggatal 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah October 4, 2012 Ms Alicesia Yong IEC Group 987 Lorong Jering 2 Sunny Garden Mile 1. 5 Tuaran Road 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Dear Ms Alicesia I am writing in response to your advertisement in the JobStreet. com dated 2 October 2012. I am interested for applying the position of Administration Officer in your company. I am a fresh graduate from University Malaysia Sarawak with Human Resource Development’s bachelor degree.I am applying this position because the position requirements and my skills are a perfect match. During my studies in university I am being exposed to human resource roles in an organisation. I am trained with skills in handling administrative work not only for in managing people but also for documents. Beside that, neuroscience and human development phycology course which I have taken gave me advantages in understanding people better based on their ages and also pers onality.In addition, I have done some research in Institut Tabiran Awan Negara (INTAN) in purpose of making my self familiar working condition in managing people effectively in terms of training and development. Outcome of this research, I leaned skills in interaction with people and get chance to do events for the worker for dinner party and I received such a good complement by my managers. I would like to continue and develop my skills and knowledge in your company. I have worked on my communication skills in English during this event. I can promise that meeting with me will not be a waste of time.I can be contacted via email at [email  protected] com or my phone number 0168447028. I look forward to receiving reply from your company soon and I will be available to interview in start from 10 October until 20 October this year. Thank you. Sincerely Cheryl E. Gitom Encl. : Resume CHERYL E. GITOM I-2-10 Blok 1 Lorong Sierra Apartment PH I/3A Jalan Tuaran Menggatal 88450 Kota Kinabal u, Sabah ————————————————- 0168447028 Human Resource Education Bachelor of Science Degree in Human Resource Development, October 2011, University Malaysia Sarawak.Objective To help and assist administrative work and marketing activities IEC (School of English Language and Further Counselling Services) in an effective way. Management Skills Office skills * Office management, records management and also database administration. * Capable in event management and calendaring. * Clearly understand in documentation progress. Computer skills * Able to use Microsoft Offices such as Word and Publisher and analytic software, IBM SPSS. * Able to do web designing using Dreamweaver and FrontPage. Social skills Communicated effectively with departments to plan meeting and able to prepare event. * Help in coordinate recruitment events with high level standard. * Fluency in speaking Malay and English Language. Experiences Managing Christmas Event * Developing innovative PowerPoint presentation used by the Event Manager to market our company to outsider. * Helped the accounting section to monitor their expanses. * Communicated with other companies to raise some fund. * Entrusted by the leader to handle such a big money and ticketing issues. * Earned excellent marks for being the top seller for the event’s tickets.Involve in Management Research (Institut Tabiran Awam) * Working in group team to observe management of training for new recruits. * Created schedule and manage time for the training programme. * Recommended specific training activities. References Dr Norazila Abdul Aziz Senior Lecturer of  Department of Cognitive Science University Malaysia Sarawak Email:  [email  protected] unimas. my Phone: +6 082 – 581518 Nor Hasniah Ibrahim Lecturer of  Department of  Counselling University Malaysia Sarawak Email:  [email  protected] unimas. my Phone: +6 082 – 581532